Paul Ehrlich, who would himself become a Nobel Laureate in 1908, proposed a theory for the formation of antitoxins. Certain white blood cells, he suggested, are equipped with “chemical side ...

These “Y”-shaped proteins are made by a class of white blood cells called plasma cells and ... can neutralize toxins or pathogens by forming "antitoxins." Based on the idea he and his ...

antitoxins are generally labile under various stress conditions, which results in toxin activation 2. The role of toxin-antitoxin systems in cell physiology, specifically in biofilm formation 4,5 ...

Although they have previously been mostly made of synthetic lipids and proteins, a research team has now introduced nanodiscs based on the cell membranes of human red blood cells. As reported in ...

Antibodies and antitoxins are highly specific to the antigen or toxin that is made by the pathogen. That is why we say that the lymphocytes that produce them are specific.