Some reactions of the Krebs cycle are close to thermodynamic equilibrium, and are, therefore, bidirectional. Those include enzymes interconverting succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate.

These irreversible reactions result in the formation ... Returning back to the citric acid cycle, fumarate is hydrated to form L-malate, which then undergoes a dehydrogenation to form oxaloacetate.

Researchers from Osaka Metropolitan University have managed to create fumarate using artificial ... used the biocatalyst malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) to combine CO 2 with ...

into L-malate, which can be converted into fumarate by fumarase (FUM). The fumarate can be used as a feedstock for biodegradable plastic, like polybutylene succinate, which are typically produced ...

malate dehydrogenase and fumarase. Fumarate is currently used to make biodegradable plastic like polybutylene succinate from petroleum. However, this research has enabled the synthesis of fumarate ...