Valence electrons with quantum properties are also expected to exhibit emergent phenomena, making these crystals essential ...

The distribution of outermost shell electrons, known as valence electrons, of organic molecules was experimentally observed for the first time by a team led by Nagoya University in Japan.

Time-resolved imaging of chemically active valence electron densities is a long-sought goal, as these electrons dictate the course of chemical reactions. However, X-ray scattering is always ...

Photoelectron holography, which results from interference between electrons that have scattered ... on purely electronic dynamics and show that a valence-shell electron wave packet leads to ...