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In 944, Sayf al-Dawla established himself as the head of the independent Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo. Sayf’s rule over his ...
George Maniakes was a tremendously talented general with a famously bad temper who challenged the Byzantine emperor for the ...
in comparison to an annual revenue of 2,900,000 nomismata right before the reign of Basil I. The Byzantine Emperors depended on the urban bureaucracy for vital functions such as tax collection and ...