Since newborn infants cannot express their pain with words, staff need to assess their pain by looking at their behaviours and vital signs instead. Many different rating scales can be used for this, ...

The goals of a clinical assessment for pain in older adults are the same as those established for younger patients. Older individuals may be reluctant to report pain for several reasons: Many ...

Neonatal pain assessment and management presents a challenge for clinical staff worldwide. Over 40 rating scales have been ...

Despite their widespread use in neonatal care units around the world, current pain assessment scales for newborns are based ...

The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale ranges from -5 (unresponsive ... sedation scoring should be completed with the patient's pain assessment every 4 hrs and also before and after an intervention ...

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We developed a pain scale specific for rabbits to assess acute pain in a clinical environment. The BRPS allows the assessment of pain in both straight and lop-eared rabbits. The management of pain is ...

Wolfe F and Michaud K (2007) Assessment of pain in rheumatoid arthritis ... from the US have shown that the visual analog pain scale (VAS) is superior to the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form ...

Objective To Develop an upper and lower limb athlete pain assessment framework (ULLAPAF) for clinicians and athletes to enhance understanding, management and performance. Setting The ULLAPAF will be ...

However, canine pain scales can be difficult to use without professional help, so proper assessment should always be performed by a veterinarian or other expert. Dogs are masters at hiding their ...