The current pathophysiology of COPD encompasses three main characteristics: emphysema, chronic bronchitis and small airway disease. Macrophages and neutrophils are implicated in this process ...

DURING the past decade many aspects of the pathophysiology of pulmonary heart failure have been extensively studied. However, very little attention has been paid to prognosis, once the peripheral ...

Childhood smoking before age 15 increases a person’s risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), according to a new study.

With the earlier definition of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), patients were essentially defined as having either chronic bronchitis or emphysema, with emphysema classified as a ...