Interleukin-21 is a cytokine with broad pleiotropic actions that affect the differentiation and function of lymphoid and myeloid cells. Since its discovery in 2000, a tremendous amount has been ...

This article explores the complex roles of cytokine networks in the development and progression of autoimmune diseases.

Activation of cis signaling results in pleiotropic effects on the immune system, which can contribute to cytokine storm. 38 In the presence of high circulating levels of interleukin-6, which can ...

A pleiotropic cytokine central to the regulation of T-cell responses, interleukin 2 (IL-2), plays an essential role in a huge range of other immune modulatory actions. Image Credit: Sino ...

S. Akira, T. Hirano, T. Taga, T. Kishimoto, "Biology of multifunctional cytokines: IL 6 and related molecules (IL 1 and TNF)," FASEB Journal, 4:2860-67, 1990. Shizuo Akira (Institute for Molecular and ...

Tools for Cytokine Research Companies producing cytokines Courtesy of Alexis CorpCytokine Network Many proteins and peptides affect the growth, identity, and function of eukaryotic cells. Very often ...

Interleukin-9 is a pleiotropic cytokine associated with allergic inflammation 1 and is a therapeutic target in patients with asthma. Its expression and that of the interleukin-9 receptor are ...

Developing cytokines as therapeutics, however, is made challenging by the fact that cytokines are pleiotropic, meaning they can induce a range of responses across different cell types.

Cytokines are pleiotropic, having biological functions on many immune cells, stimulating and suppressing the immune system in different contexts. And they are promiscuous, ...

Most cytokines are pleiotropic and drive a range of signaling responses across multiple cell types, which limits their potential as therapeutics.