In medieval Europe, upper-class women often relied on wet nurses to feed their children. This practice, rooted in ancient Greek and Roman medicine, reveals much about class, gender, and health in ...

Serfs were a kind of agricultural laborer in the feudal society of western Europe. On the basis of feudal ... in many fundamental ways, a pre-modern theocratic polity, and this was not because ...

D.C., Kaplan explains why the Danube is the pre-eminent European river, why Russian president Vladimir Putin has his eyes on the waterway, and how the map of Europe is becoming medieval again.

The Baltic Finnic People in the Medieval and Pre-Modern Eastern European Slave Trade. Russian History , 2014; 41 (1): 85 DOI: 10.1163/18763316-04101006 Cite This Page : ...

A time of innovation, philosophy, and legendary works of art: the realities of the medieval period (500 to 1500 C.E.) in Europe may surprise you. Many know the years before the Renaissance and ...

Ultimately, the Piast elites had no pre-existing cultural ... ecological acceleration led to state formation failure in early medieval Poland, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ...

This could be a story about today, but it is also the pattern that emerged across Europe in the aftermath ... Statutes and ordinances froze wages at pre-plague levels; they made it illegal to ...

Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk has warned that Europe is in a “pre-war era” but still has a “long way to go” before its ready to confront the threat posed by Russia. “War is no longer ...

But the events had a deeper import than the surface conflict in a tiny and all but forgotten state. They heralded the fact that Europe's last feudal state was in process of dissolution as such. And ...

The Guangming Daily on April 15 published an article based on interviews with three Chinese scholars concerning the Tibetan system of feudal serfdom under theocracy and Western European serfdom in ...