This is called total internal reflection (TIR). The angle of incidence when the angle of refraction is 90 o, and the ray changes from just refracting to total internal reflection, is called the ...

reflection and refraction, Fresnel coefficients, polarization, interference, Young's experiment, fringe visibility and coherence, various interferometers, Newton's ring and applications, Fraunhofer ...

This includes classical optical phenomena such as reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference, and also studying the quantum mechanical properties of individual packets of lights known as ...