This classification grades vesicoureteral reflux as follows: grade I, reflux into a nondilated ureter only; grade II, reflux into the renal pelvis and calyces without dilatation; grade III ...

Congenital, by birth which is usually physiological Focal infection of or at calyx or extrarenal pelvis of the kidney Stricture, which is narrowing of the neck of the calyx or extrarenal pelvis ...

Kidney stones are mineral deposits in the renal calyces and pelvis that are found free or attached to the renal papillae. They contain crystalline and organic components and are formed when the ...

Hydronephrosis involves dilatation and distension of the renal pelvis and calyces, which leads to interstitial fibrosis, loss of nephrons and, ultimately, renal failure. 7 Thus, effective ...