Through laboratory techniques that track quantities of mRNA, scientists can identify which genes are “turned on” and which are “turned off” in an organism’s tissue at a given time ...

the mRNA from the abnormal cells is dyed red.) The DNA copy that is made, called complementary DNA (cDNA), is then applied to the microarray. The cDNA binds to complementary base pairs in each of ...

Among the major classes of RNAs in the cell, tRNAs remain the most difficult to characterize via deep sequencing approaches, as tRNA structure and nucleotide modifications can each interfere with cDNA ...