Traditional exams A new research-based conceptual assessment (the colorado classical mechanics/Math methods Instrument, or CCMI). This instrument is still under development. It is not included in the ...

The second law of thermodynamics underpins all of classical reality. It is the reason why it's easier to make things messy, why you can’t have perpetual motion, why you age, and maybe even why ...

Early in the 20th century, physicists like Max Planck and Albert Einstein introduced this concept to explain phenomena that classical mechanics ... understood motion and energy at the subatomic ...