TLR5, in particular, recognizes a specific enemy with a flag called flagellin and a protein that's found in many bacteria. And when the receptor detects that flag, it triggers an immune response ...

We further show that treatment with LA1 also alters key macrophage co-receptors, such as CD206 and CD74 ... were transfected with purified flagellin (1 µg/ml for 1 h; S. typhimurium; InvivoGen; ...

In addition, allergenicity may also depend on the capacity of allergens to bind lipids or to activate the innate immune system through signaling pathways of PRR, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs ...

The effector proteolytically targets a key receptor while its activity is counteracted by host-mediated phosphorylation, revealing a dynamic interplay that fine-tunes symbiotic interactions. The ...

Analyses of the functions of all 15 effectors from S. fredii NGR234 in preventing NFR1- and NFR5-induced cell death in N. benthamiana leaves. (A) Agrobacterium strain harboring each effector gene or ...

Despite ongoing research efforts, an effective RSV vaccine has yet to be approved for widespread use. Use of two separate pattern recognition receptor (PRR) agonists as adjuvants in vaccine ...

4 Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Objective Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT, also referred to as pre-B cell ...