Once a sufficient area of the chest wall has been cleared, a chest retractor is inserted to facilitate further surgical steps. The pleura now can be moved from the mediastinum. Once the upper portion ...

A 41-year-old man was evaluated for swelling in the ankles and syncope. CT of the chest showed bilateral mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy, as well as an 8-mm nodule in the right lower lobe.