producing multiple intracellular signals for every one receptor that is bound. Protein kinases such as PKA and PKC catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP molecules to protein molecules.

View Full Profile. Learn about our Editorial Policies. The paper J. Choi et al., “Identification of a plant receptor for extracellular ATP,” Science, 343:290-94, 2014. The missing piece The membrane ...

Illustration showing that astrocytically expressed GLUR5 and dopamine D1R and their coupled Ca 2+ signaling triggers the release of astrocytic factors (e.g., ATP), which in turn regulate neuronal ...