“I was heavily assuming that there was a single origin.” Symbiotic organs also employ common mechanisms for ensuring that they only welcome desired guests. In beewolves and attine ants, for example, ...

the ants attacked and killed the caterpillars even when the latter used specific organs to secrete a sugary liquid that should have assured protection by ants. The researchers also analyzed the ...

That ant might be a queen mother ... with castes of them performing separate duties like specialized organs. Just above our heads, in the rain forest canopy, streams the almost perfect society.